GGR208 Lecture 03

GGR208 Lecture 2c 2026.pdf

• Population Pyramids
  2026GGR208Assign1finalSection1.3
  GGR208 Assignment 1 2026.pdf - GGR208 Assignment 1 2026
• Types of variables we have:
  • Demographic
  • Social
    • Social Expenditure
      • Health or education expenditure
      • As $\mathrm{\%}$ of GNI
      • Tells us about the quantity of the social programs
    • Delivery
      • $\frac{\text{Doctor}}{\text{Patient}}$ ratio
      • $\frac{\text{Teacher}}{\text{Student}}$ ratio
      • Tells us about the quality of the social programs
      • But doesn't fully tell us about the quality:
        • $\uparrow \text{Doctors}\ne \uparrow \text{Quality}$
        • But it may be linked
  • Economic
    • Gross National Income
    • Economic output per sector
      • Primary Industries
      • Secondary Industries
      • Tertiary Industries
      • $\mathrm{\%}$ of total output
    • Employment by sector
      • Same as above
    • Energy Consumption
      • Energy use (including renewable) as oil equivalent as total or per capita.
      • A heavy Secondary Industry based country would have a lot more energy consumption than the complements.
    • Emissions
      • Total or per capita. $C{O}_2$ equivalent.
• Normalizing Variables
  • Allows comparisons between countries.
  • Per 1000
  • Per Capita
  • Energy equivalent to oil
  • Energy equivalent to $C{O}_2$ emissions
  • Purchasing Power Parity, monetary equivalent in US dollars.
  • Remember country averages mask internal variations.
    GGR208 Lecture 3a 2026.pdf
• Hockey stick growth with population.
  • Changes the connection between us and the environment
  • Tech and knowledge
    • Agriculture Revolution
    • Industry Revolution
    • Transport Revolution
    • Science Revolution
    • Socio-Cultural Revolution
  • These revolutions change the population over time.