Genetics

• Field that studies genetic info from generation to generation.

Structure of Genetic Material

• Cell creates mRNA

• mRNA can escape cell.

• DNA

• Genes

  • Segment of protein

• Heredity

• Traits

  • Phenotype
  • Distinguishable traits

• Alleles

• How Pea Plants were effective to figure out genes exists.

  • Short reproductive cycles
  • Can ensure who the parents are.

• Laws that mendel developed serve as foundation of our current theory of inheritance.

• Parentage

• Pollination

• Purebred plants

  • Cut off anthers of plants

  • Took pollen from father parts, rubbed over mother parts.

  • Offspring = Filial (F1) Generation

    • What is the Offspring generation called? ;; Filial Generation or F1 Gen

    • What is the Filial generation? ;; Offspring of parents

  • After cross polinating purebreds, he saw f1 gen having only one colour.

• Monohybrid Cross

  • When only one trait was involved, and cross pollination happens.
    C - Purple
    c - White
    | x | C | c |
    | --- | --- | --- |
    | C | CC | Cc |
    | c | Cc | cc |

• Genotypic Ratio : 1 CC, 2 Cc 1 cc

• Phenotypic Ratio : 3 Purple : 1 White

• Genetic Dominance

  • 1 allele from mother, 1 from father
  • Some traits are dominant over others.

• Law of segregation in genetics

• Genotypes

  • Combination of alleles

• Phenotype

  • Expressed traits of genotype

• Homozygous

  • Two of the same alleles

  • What is homozygous? ;; Having two of the same alleles

  • PP

• Heterozygous

  • Two different alleles

  • What is heterozygous? ;; Having two different alleles

  • Pp

• Law of independent assortment

• Punnett Squares

  • Reggie guy made it
  1. Make 4 squares
  2. Write genotype of Gametes from one parent
  3. Write genotype of Gametes from other parent

1. Legend
2. Parent Generation
3. Multiplication of Genes
4. Punnett Square
5. Genotype Ratio

• What are the steps of making a monohybrid cross? ;; 1. Legend, 2. Parent Generation, 3. Multiplication of Genes, 4. Punnett Square and 5. Genotype Ratio

• Legend

  • P - purple
  • p - white

• Parent Generation

  • Heterozygous
  • Pp
  • Pp

• Pp x Pp
  | x | P | p |
  | --- | --- | --- |
  | P | PP | Pp |
  | p | Pp | pp |

• Genotypic ratio: 1 PP 2 Pp 1 pp

• Phenotypic ratio: 3 Purple 1 white

• Test Crosses in Genetics

• Dihybrid Cross